Evolution of man and culture(Ay 304)






            According to Charles Darwin, Evolution the study of transformation is species through time including both changes that occur within species as well as origin of new species.
            Also can refer to the changes in the properties of groups of organism over the course of generation (Futuyma 2006).
            Evolution can also mean change through time as species become modified and diverge to produce multiple descendant species or the historical accurance of change.
            Culture is the distinctive way of life of the people (this is according to Bruce a Trigger 1996) and in 19th century Herder added that culture meaning that each people had their own culture, that is to say that culture differ from one community to another.
            Fargan B.M (1982:24) added that “human society has its recognizable cultural style, which shapes the behavior of its members their political and judicial institutions as well as morals. Fargan explained more that “human culture is unique because much of its content is transmitted from one generation to another by sophisticated communication system (p25).
            Generally culture is the total way of life of human including knowledge, belief, arts, law, customs and any other capabilities and exposure (www. Answer.com).
            Also this can refer to the change of gene frequencies per time as reflected in genotype are characteristics where by genotype are characteristic which are observed inside the organism and phenotype characteristics which are observed outside the organism example colour/ size/ height e.t. 
            Generally the Biological change/evolution is any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generation, these changes may be small or large, noticeable or not so noticeable.
            Biological changes are the key influences of cultural evolution in term of language, symbolic change in body size and shape, and activities such as hunting and gathering.

It means biological make up starts first then cultural evolution follow when there as the biological change lead to the starts with the other culture.
            Originally culture started in 2.5 million years ago at the period of Stone Age tools formation. The history of culture can be traced from the early Stone Age, middle late Neolithic metal age to present. All these shows sign how cultural evolution was influenced by biological changes.
            Through the Genus Homo the members of the genus homo who showed these change in cultural due to development in biological in term of brain size, locomotion, shape and body size includes homo habilis, Homo eractus, how Neanderlhalensis, Homo Sapiens sapience.
            These relationships are explained below as follows;
            To start with Homo habilis as the oldest member of the genus homo appeared in 2.5 mya at early Stone Age at old wan culture (2.5 – 1. Mya).
            He had brain size of 650cm3, he was responsible in tools making at the period of and had capacity of producing tools such as pebbles, choppers, although these were simple while it was hand and sharp, for cutting edge and all could be for hunting and gathering.
            In locomotion, Homo habilis was bipedal development by working by two limbs which influenced the development of other activities of making tools compared to other primitive homonism.
            In the body size and shape Homo habilis was short and had long arms helped him to gather fruits on trees.
            With Homo eractus who appeared in (1.7 – 1.5 mya) during early Stone Age at the period of Acheulian culture had brain capacity of 1250cm3 compared to the previous Homo habilis.
The Homo Erastus was responsible in making tools which were more advanced and the importation from the previous culture of old way also advanced points and sickle.
Economically the Homo eractus was flexible with the cognitive capacity and thrive in vastly different environment because of increase in brain capacity and he based on hunting and gathering as the mode of subsistence.


           He was bipedal, so led to increase the level of activities and mastered his environment well, how eractus was a bigger, master and faster hominin lineage and morals size teeth were reduced due to the soffer and richer diet.
            The case of Homo sapiens who appeared is middle Stone Age per iodized around 500000 – 50000mya with brain capacity of 1400cm3 has influence increase behavior sophistication. He had large body size so it influenced cultural change because he was the first hominid species to hunt large, medium and small mammals as well as fish.
            The system of food and diet preparation were changed due to the Bipedal and technological development, including tool making for chopping vegetables and this lead to the change in his fore teeth.
These was change in vision  as the need to see distant object and the ability to stand upright motivated the development of three dimension vision color – the taller the hominid’s the far it could see, so the bipedalism went hand in hand with the vision development and vision ability.
Also human could distinguish colour and vision, this situation result to the expansion in thinking capacity hence brain developed largely.
According to scientist the hominid’s ability to have information with five sense organs is through seeing that as to say exes – vision did not only used to see but also to retrieve information into the brain, this started to Homo habilis and improved through the way to Homo sapiens (modern man). (camplell and loy 2000 : 102 – 108.)
Adoption of environment and development of language and brain had influence to the development of brain size and ability to develop speech organs because adaption of
changing conditions goes together with improvement of social life of human which grew more complex.
Homo sapiens who appeared around 0.25mya had resembled the modern man with the brain size of 1400cm3 and where found all over the world.

He was able to make tools because of his brain capacity development, spoken language and probably postdated in Homo sapiens. It was new and extraordinary efficient means by which
human acquired and passed one from generation to another flexible network of learning rather genetically inherited.
Once languages have emerged, culture had symbolic from that changes the ancient hominid skull have been transforming into modern Homo sapiens skull.
Basically the relationship between biological evolution relies on how biological   changes changed human culture as explained the changes of brain capacity helped human in making tools to satisfy his demands and needs, development of bipedalism helped in the development of several economic activities of hunting, gathering even fishing.
Biological changes /evolution led to the changes in human skull in shape and size to the modern man’s skull, changes to bipedalism, feeding process changed also to food production as well the structure and size of molars, premolars, incisors changed, vision also changed and brain capacity developed also man had reduced his hairs (hairless) because of the changes in climatic condition and other genetic changes.
Conclusively changes in term of brain, locomotion, body size and shape and process of chewing due to teeth morphology were able to influence the culture change from one stage to another from early Stone Age to present. As because of the brain size its believed that culture such as tools making began in 2.5 may with Homo Habilis because of brain size compared with Australopithecus had no ability to make tools material culture because of low brain capacity.
And by about 30000 years ago the changes were largely complete and the world was populated with people who looked the modern man, living in larger hands than they
over hand before, hence culture and biological change are related as discussed above environmental changes was the main sources of its evolution and changes.
Lastly the successive initiatives in technology symbol making brought on more initiatives and cultural change steadily accelerated.

                                         REFERENCES           
Brue G. Trigger (1996). A history of Archaeological thought (2nd) ed: London Cambridge university press.
Camplel and loy (2000) Human kind, 8th ed University of Rhode Island.
Fargan B.M (1982). Archaeology: a brief introduction 2nd ed. Santa, Barbara: university of California press.
Pontzer, H. (2012). Overview of Homonins evolution, nature education knowledge. Hunter collage New York.

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