What are the different between Anthropology and Archaeology.



Anthropology  can be defined as a  study of human nature, human society and human past , Anthropology is a discipline of infinite curiosity about human being , the term anthropology comes from  the Greek word ‘Anthropus’ for man, human and logos for study.(Aschultz,2009:3) 
              Anthropology is the study of humanity in the widest possible sense, this means anthropology study about human as biological organism and as people with distinctive and unique characteristics The history of anthropology refers primarily to the 18thc and 19thc precursors of the modern anthropology; this term itself innovated as a New Latin scientific word during the Renaissance which meant always the study or science of man. Archaeology has number of sub disciplines such as archaeology, social or cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology and biological or physical anthropology.(Renfrew,1991:14)                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
              Generally anthropology is the study of people through out the world their evolutionary, history, how they behave to different environment, communicate and socialize with other. The study of anthropology concerned with both biological features that makes us human (such as physiology, genetic makeup, nutrition, history and evolution) and with social aspect such as language, culture, politics, family and religion   
         Archaeology is  scientific study of the human past of ancient human behaviour from the earliest times right up to the present. The archaeologists are unique among scientist in that they study changes of human culture over long period of time. Etymologically the term archaeology is derived from two Greek words “archaeos” which means “ancient or past” and logos which means “study”. The history of archaeology was started in the 8thc B.C when Greek writer called Hesiod wrote that human has passed through great five history, the earliest was an age of God when “people dwelt in ease” the last an age of war when “everyone work terribly had experienced great sorrow.( Fagan,2009:5)
Archaeology  is the cultural anthropology  of human past involving analysis of material remains  left behind by earlier societies (Schultz et al,2009:11)
Generally archaeology is the scientific study of human culture by using past human remains of previous human society example of these remain are human artfact,item like tools,jewerly,potery fossils of human ,ecofact,features and structures
           Both deal with or study human through material remain, Anthropology used material remain to study human society as a whole at different aspect such as social anthropology, culture anthropology, biological anthropology, for example biological anthropology involves the study of human biological evolution and varieties among different population by using remain so anthropology used past material remains to predict the existence and nature of the concurrent society to know how they exist. Also archaeology study human through culture remain or material remains of mans past such as artifacts, fossils, features and ecofact by doing so help reflect how past society can be related with concurrent society. So material remains acted as abase to predict and understand the contemporary society.
            Both use practice in their field, anthropology use practice in their field for example use of carbon14 for excavation of certain phenomena also conduct laboratory practice such as to examine fossils remains of certain living organism in order to know it existence, type of organism, or the way it lived. Also archaeology use practice in their study of a certain society for example using different survey technique and research to correct data at various place, so anthropology does no necessary depend only on the written document but also can be go beyond and use speculative information to reconstruct human life for example from research and survey also archaeology it self can be used as methodology both supplementary and complimentary to anthropological information.(Ember,2003:23-29)
             The source of information are related , for example ethnographic technique, both anthropologist and archaeologist can use ethnographic technique in their field, Ethnologist seek to understand how, why people today and in the recent past differ in the customary ways of thinking and acting. It is concerned with pattern and behavior such as marriage, custom, king ship organization ,religion, political and economic system, Ethnologist also study dynamic of culture  thus how culture develop and change .The aim of anthologist is large the same as archaeologist and anthropologist ,ethnologist however generally use data corrected through observation and interviewing of living people, archaeologist on the other hand most work with fragment remain of past cultures on the basis of with fragment remains of past culture and the basis of  which they can only make influence of prehistoric people .(Embe,et al,2003:6)
            Both studies about the origin of human, both disciplines explains about the origin of ancient human their characteristics and the way they respond to their environment, anthropology as an holistic field can explain how the ancient man lived in the relation to his environment through reflecting on social economic and ecological activities performed by ancient man. like wise archaeology as both temporal and multiple scope concern the explanation of earliest mans life through past culture remains .for stance  archaeologist by speculating the past material remains such as art fact, ecofact ,structures and features, all together with common archaeological dating technique may correlate with the origin of past.(schultzl,et al,2009:10)

Anthropology and archaeology study about culture as well as its evolution, as to determine if the human culture has been changing and the reasons for the change, Anthropology studies both learned manners and ideas acquired by certain people of society, culture makes us unique among creature .Human being are more dependent than any other species on learning to survival because we have no instincts that automatically protect us and help us find food and shelter. From anthropological perspective, the concept of culture is central to explain why human being are what they are and why they do what they do. Likewise archaeologist tries to reconstruct and preserve the cultural legacy of the past human.(Schultz,et al,2009:4)     
       Despite the existing similarities between anthropology and archaeology, in some facet they vary from one another in the following ways:-
Descriptions; this means anthropology refer to comprehensive study of all aspects of human beings including their development in the widest sense, this study human being as biological organism and people which distinctive and unique characteristics of culture while archaeology refer to scientific study of the human past of the ancient human behavior from the earliest times right up to the present, this has such as most archaeology is part of much wider discipline understanding of the past through excavation of past human behavior.
             Anthropology is very comprehensive discipline in understanding of human behavior in the wider sense compared to archaeology, this means that archaeology is sub discipline of anthropology in this sense only explore human behavior partially including past remain while anthropology focus on human culture from the beginning of human life to the present in broader view.
           Fields; anthropology have number of disciplines in order to understand human being more comprehensively thus why has number of sub disciplines such as cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology and physical anthropology while archaeology also have number of sub discipline such as underwater archaeology, environmental archaeology, historic archaeology and others this show that anthropology is more broader in understanding human culture than archaeology because is sub discipline of anthropology.
            Conclusively Anthropology and archaeology have long history; archeology it has a long history as it begin when people have speculated about human origins and remote past for centuries as early as 8thc B.C due to this archaeology really begin in the European which was hasten intellectual curiosity in the world wide but now days archaeology become more advance due to development of technology hence methods of remote sensing, surveying, satellite pictures and Geographical Information System are used like wise anthropology traced back from the ancient Greek historical and philosophical of writings about human nature and organization of human society, anthropologist regard Herodotus as Greek historian who lived about 400B.C was the first historian to use and describe the culture of various people of Persia.


                                           REFERENCES
Ember, C.R & Ember, M. (2003). Anthropology: A Brief Introduction. (5th Ed). (USA: Hamilton Printing Co).
Fagan, B.M.  (2009).Archaeology: A Brief Introduction. (10th Ed). (Santa Barbara: University of Carfonia).

Renfrew, C & Bahn, F. (1991). Archaeology theories, methods and practice (5th Ed). London:

Schultz, E.A & Lavenda, R.H. (2009). Cultural Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human Condition (7th Ed). (New York: Oxford University Press).













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